Constructing and applying a constraint-choice-action matrix for decision making

ABSTRACT

The present invention is an apparatus and method for constructing a Constraint-Choice-Action Matrix for making decisions based on constraints. Columns (in one matrix orientation) state conditions. The column header presents a partial boolean expression. Such variable expression may be any object or type, e.g., a number, string, or list. An entry in a cell, selected using a GUI pick-list, combines with the column header, to complete the boolean expression. The set of boolean expressions in a row may be combined into an action boolean statement. If that statement evaluates to true, some action, represented as a row header, is recommended or executed. The matrix is applied to an instance of a context domain, for decision-making. The context domain may be represented in a model representing an instance of that domain (e.g., a product specification for configuration of a machine) in data and rules.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/589,447,filed Oct. 23, 2009, entitled “Automated Hierarchical Configuration ofCustom Products with Complex Geometries: Method and Apparatus”, andhereby incorporated by reference. This application is also related toU.S. application Ser. No. 12/589,492, filed Oct. 23, 2009, entitled “AParametric Configurator for Product Design: System and Method”, andhereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to decision making by computer systems.More specifically, the present invention relates to a matrix displayedby a computer system graphical user interface, through which a user canspecify a set of conditions under which specific actions should occur.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We focus throughout this document on a particular subject matter domain,namely, the configuration and manufacture of commercial vehicles such astrucks and buses. The topic illustrates principles of much broaderapplicability to other contexts, and aspects peculiar to the commercialvehicle domain should not be regarded as limiting the inventive concept.

When engineering a seating subsystem for a new school bus, factors (or“variables” or “features”) that dictate specifications for a particularseat part may include, for example, seat depth, seat width, seatcovering, and covering color, in addition to variables involving armrests, structural support, and means for attaching the seats to thefloor. The complete engineering of the bus will include systems forengine, drivetrain, transmission, chassis, lavatory, and so forth. Foreach system, each of these variables will take on two or more values.For example, the bus may or may not require a lavatory. This is aboolean—yes/no, true/false, or one/zero—variable. Other variables maytake on a relatively small, easily enumerated, number of values, such aschoices available for chassis exterior color.

Some variables will take on values that constitute a set or list. Forexample, all vendors that are acceptable for supplying some subsystemmight be listed.

Some variables, such as length of a drive shaft, may take on acontinuous range of values, if a shaft can be cut to any length.However, providing an enumerated set of relatively closely-spacedchoices for such a variable will satisfy the needs of many engineeringdesigns. Generally, we will focus on making choices from a finite,albeit potentially quite large, discrete set.

In a configuration, design, manufacturing, or engineering environment, ateam must deal with certain combinations of choices, one or more choicesfor each factor. That a given combination is of interest will have someconsequence, such as an action to be taken. For example, each suchcombination may represent a part number that might be used in bills ofmaterials (BOMs) for assembling vehicles. Tangible physical parts forthe system represented by the part number might need to be manufacturedor purchased, and added to inventory.

We define a “constraint”, or equivalently, a “condition”, to be a binarystatement relating a variable or factor to a particular one of thepossible choices for values of that variable or factor. In the schoolbus example, lavatory might be a factor, and “included” and “notincluded” might be possible choices that factor. Thus, “lavatory isincluded” would be a constraint, as “lavatory is not included” mightalso be. For a given context domain instance of a school bus, either ofthese constraints is a binary statement, or binary expression—astatement or expression that will evaluate to TRUE or FALSE when thestatement is applied to some situation or object in the context domain.Note that in some contexts, it is customary to express a constraint in agrammatical shorthand, such as “lavatory included” or “hp EQ 500” (HP ishorsepower), where the verb is omitted or truncated. Shorthandexpression of a constraint does not remove the constraint from scope ofthe inventive concept.

There may be many variable/choice combinations that can express the sameconstraint. Consider, for example, the constraint upon an engine systemfor a truck, “horsepower>500”. The “variable” in this case might be“horsepower>” and a choice for that variable might be “500”. In analternative way for expressing the same constraint, the variable is“horsepower>500” and the choice is “TRUE”. Or the variable might be“horsepower” and the choice is “>500”. Or the variable might be“horsepower ? 500” and the choice is “>”. In each case, a concreteconstraint is formed from a variable constraint and a choice or value ofthe variable.

We will refer to the variable portion of a constraint (or condition) asitself a constraint (or condition), in the same way that one might say“let x be an integer between 1 and 10”. In fact, x is a variable thatrepresents an integer that is unknown. Similarly, one might say let“horsepower>?” be a constraint; in fact, the expression “horsepower>?”is a variable constraint that will become a complete, concreteconstraint if the ‘?’ is replaced by one of several enumerated operandvalues. In contexts where the ambiguity might be important, we willqualify a constraint as either variable or as “concrete”, “complete”, or“fully qualified”.

Determination of whether to take a particular action usually involves aplurality of concrete constraints. These constraints can be combined toform an “action boolean expression”, such that if the expressionevaluates to TRUE for an instance of the context domain, then theassociated action should be taken. The action boolean expression mayinvolve AND, OR, and NOT operators; grouping of combinations ofconstraints (e.g., customarily using parentheses); and default groupingpriority rules (e.g., absent explicit grouping, NOT groups more tightlythan AND, which in turn groups more tightly than OR), as are customaryin mathematics and logic. For example, if a, b, and c are constraints,then “(a OR b) AND c” is TRUE if and only c is TRUE and either a or b isTRUE. In the simplest case, which may be the default, the constraintsare simply AND-ed together to form the boolean statement for the action.

For everyone concerned with design, manufacturing, supply chain,logistics, and inventory management, because visual display of thisinformation is simple and intuitive, constraints and actions might beexpressed in a matrix in a spreadsheet. The spreadsheet might berendered by a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft EXCEL® orOpenOffice.org CALC, or, alternatively, in a software environmentspecific to the practical contextual application of the information,such as in product configuration (i.e., engineering design) ormanufacturing of commercial vehicles.

For our purposes, we define a “matrix” as a two-dimensional constructfor representing data, having a finite number of rows and a finitenumber of columns. A “row” is a horizontal sequence of “cells”, and a“column” is a vertical sequence of cells. A cell “value” or “entry” maybe a data item, which could be, for example, a number, a boolean(TRUE/FALSE) value, a set, a list, a text string, an image, or any othertype of data “object” or entity, or it may be empty or blank.

Consider the matrix X(i,j), where i=1, 2, . . . , M, and j=1, 2, . . . ,N. X has M rows and N columns. X(i,j) is the value of matrix X for thecell at the intersection of the i-th row and j-th column. The“transpose” of X is the matrix Y such that Y(j,i)=X(i,j); Y has N rowsand M columns. For the sake of convenience, the following discussionwill assume a matrix orientation where rows and columns have respectiveparticular significance and meaning. Clearly, the transposed orientationis equivalent in terms of information content, and the particularconfigurations described should not be taken as limiting the scope ofthe invention.

We want to express the relationships among variable constraints, values,and actions in matrix/spreadsheet form. One alternative is make rowscorrespond to actions, and columns correspond to constraints. Theconstraint columns pertaining to a given factor/variable can be grouped,typically with a higher level column header spanning all the columns forthat factor. A group of columns for a variable may be filled with adifferent color from the adjacent groups to improve visibility. Forexample, groups of columns may alternate in background color from yellowto green, when proceeding form left to right. Entries in cells may be,for example, an ‘x’ to indicate selection of a particular choice, orblank for those choices that are not selected.

The above-described approach at first appears to satisfy therequirements of being both simple and intuitive. Applicant hasrecognized, however, that it does not scale well. A company that designsor manufactures vehicles may need to consider many differentcombinations of choices corresponding to the factors or featuresdescribing a particular system. For example, a given combination ofchoices for the factors may correspond to a particular part number to beadded to a BOM for construction of the vehicle.

If defining an action (e.g., selecting a seating system) involves NVfactors or variables, and the j-th variable/factor F(j) corresponds toNC(j) choices, then the total number of choices is NC(1)+NC(2)+ . . .+NC(NV). As a concrete example, suppose that there are 10 factors in agiven system, each corresponding to 6 choices. (The number of choicesfor different variables may in general be different.) Then the totalnumber of choices TC is 6*10=60. Obviously, many situations mightinvolve much larger values of TC.

A matrix can have any row and column dimensions, so hundreds orthousands of columns present no theoretical problem. In practice,however, such a large matrix may be nearly useless for expressing thedesired information to engineers, customers, and other stakeholders. Thematrix may not fit on a single computer display screen, or even on twoor more screens with a matrix depiction that extends across them. Atsome point, the software or the hardware will bound the number of rows,columns, and/or cells. Using the transpose of the matrix might help insome cases because spreadsheet tables scroll vertically moreconveniently than horizontally, but not always, since the number ofactions might also be large.

In addition to these limitations on display of the information, there isa more fundamental issue with this approach. Consider, for example, amatrix in which there are on average 10 choices per variable. In manypractical contexts, for each action, typically only 1 of the 10 isselected, so 90% of the matrix is empty space. The consequent sparsityof the matrix, combined with its sheer size, detracts from itsintuitiveness. It is possible that a given factor may have severalchoices checked, which would make the matrix less sparse, but in manyapplications that is the exception rather than the rule.

In manufacturing and design environments, permissible actions, such asparts that may be selected for a BOM, change routinely. That factimplies that a matrix of choices and actions will require frequentmodifications. Adding a new choice for a single variable will introducecells for each existing action, cells that may need to be considered andfilled appropriately by an engineer. Adding a new action will alsorequire consideration and appropriate entries for each variable/choicepair. Sustainability can become an intractable problem.

Suppose that each possible combination of choices, one per variable percombination, were to have a corresponding action. For example, supposethat there are 6 variables and 10 choices for each. Then the totalnumber of actions would be 10 raised to the 6th power, or one million.In practice, however, the number of interesting combinations, NA, forwhich action is required will necessarily be much less than this maximumvalue. Someone—possibly an engineer or technician—must choose whichchoice combinations are interesting, commercially or otherwise, andassign actions just to those choice combinations. The vastness of amatrix of choice columns and action rows can make this task trulydaunting.

Applicant's approach is to reduce the column dimension of the matrix tobe equal to the number of variables, making it independent of the numberof choices for each variable. This is achieved by making the choice ofentries for cells of the matrix selectable from a list. We define a“pick-list” to be a GUI control from which one or more items can beselected by a user. If it is appropriate for a cell to have multipleentries, then the pick-list will allow a single item or, depending onthe purpose of the pick-list, a set of items, to be selected.

We will refer to such an active matrix as a Constraint-Choice-Action(CCA) Matrix. A user may perform a mouse click, or equivalent action onthe cell itself or on a control associated with the cell to make aselection. When logic, embodied in some combination of hardware andsoftware, senses a request being input through an appropriate control, alist of the choices for that variable is presented to the user. Thecontrol might be, for example, a drop-down list, a choice box, or atable. Selection may cause the selected item to be highlighted, or theremight be a box or circle adjacent to an item that indicates selection,by blackening, or by a check or ‘X’ character. When the logic senses auser selection from the list, it sets the value of the cell to theselected choice, and depicts the value in the matrix through the GUI onthe display. If the choice is itself a list or a set, then the pick-listmay allow multiple selections, or the set might be specified by a name(e.g., current players on the Texas Longhorns football team). A cell inwhich multiple choices have been selected may have a scroll-bar, and maybe searchable using some kind of search control.

All the wasted empty space may be eliminated from the matrix in thisway. The number of columns is reduced from the number of choices to thenumber of factors. The variables and choices for each may be stored in arepository on a computer-readable storage medium, and retrieved by querylogic to populate the matrix and choice lists. The storage medium may bea hard disk, solid state memory, volatile memory, or any other mediumthat can store information digitally. The repository may be arelationship or object-oriented database, or it may be a table inmemory, it may be hard-coded in software instructions, or represented inany other form. A repository may be in several parts, media, and/orformats. The repository may be queried to access any information storedtherein for the CCA Matrix.

Modifying a CCA Matrix to reflect evolving conditions (e.g., inmanufacturing, supply chain management, inventory management, logistics,and regulation) is greatly simplified. A new choice for a variable canbe added, with little effort, by adding a table entry to the repository.When the repository is next queried, the new choice will becomeavailable in the matrix. Adding a new action row requires merely makingselections from cell pick-lists, one per factor. (Note that an “action”may be generalized to a “conclusion” or “row conclusion” in some CCAMatrices. A “conclusion” may not expect execution.) Recall that rowentries depict a boolean expression (an action boolean expression, orrow boolean expression), formed by combining the constraints representedby the cells (the cell boolean expressions, which are concrete booleanexpressions based on the variable boolean expression for the column,which might be called the column boolean expression), the action booleanexpression corresponding to an action to be taken if the expressionevaluates to TRUE when applied to an object or situation that is aninstance of a context domain. Adding a new factor or variable onlyrequires one selection per action.

The list of actions/row headers may be similarly stored and queried. Insome cases, the actions may be automatically generated by logic, eitherwhen a new row of (column) constraints is created, or an existing row ismodified. In this regard, consider a matrix that specifies an order to asupplier of transmission parts, to be used by an assembler tomanufacture the transmission system of a truck. The “action” in thiscase might be the specification of a BOM part number. The new partnumber may be sent in an order to the supplier, along with theassociated constraint specification. The supplier might use existingoff-the-shelf product, or create a whole new product type. With modernprecision robotic equipment and more intelligent software and hardwarecontrol, creating highly specific manufactured goods continues to becomeeasier.

Once the matrix has been populated using the above approach, it can thenbe used by logic to make decisions. In particular, a CCA Matrix might beused in either product design/configuration or product manufacture. Forexample, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/589,492 describes a processfor optimized configuration of a vehicle. Logic of such a process mightgenerate constraints on a subsystem, such as a drivetrain. Thesegenerated constraints can then be compared with those of a CCA Matrixfor that system. If a system qualification statement evaluates to TRUE,then the corresponding action is recommended, and possibly taken.

Conceivably, more than one system qualification may evaluate to TRUE.This might trigger an alert, or there might be criteria for choosing onefrom among them, such as by comparing costs of taking each of theactions. Or all system qualifying statements evaluating to TRUE might bereturned to the design optimization tool, allowing it to make its ownassessment of preferability.

It is also possible that no system qualification statement is true forthe target system. Again, this might trigger an alert, or it might causea new matrix row to be automatically generated, possibly along with anautomatically generated action, such as a BOM part number.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a is a chart illustrating conventions of matrix notation using avariable matrix X.

FIG. 1 b is a chart illustrating conventions of matrix notation using avariable matrix Y, which is the transpose of X from FIG. 1 a.

FIG. 2 a is a chart illustrating conventions of matrix notation using aparticular instance of a matrix X.

FIG. 2 b is a chart illustrating conventions of matrix notation using aparticular instance of a matrix Y, which is the transpose of X from FIG.2 a.

FIG. 3 is a chart illustrating contents of a Constraint-Choice-ActionMatrix.

FIG. 4 is a chart, corresponding to FIG. 3, that illustrates the use ofcontrols that trigger drop-down lists for populating aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix

FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating a sparse matrix used to specifyrequirements for a parts for a seating system in a bill of materials.

FIG. 6 is a chart illustrating compactness of a Constraint-Choice-ActionMatrix, that conveys the same information as FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a chart, illustrating a Constraint-Choice-Action Matrix for adrivetrain, where the constraints include inequalities and unary booleanexpressions.

FIG. 8 is a chart, illustrating a Constraint-Choice-Action Matrix for adrivetrain, using the transpose of the CCA matrix of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a schematic for a computer system that might be used to createand/or apply a Constraint-Choice-Action Matrix.

FIG. 10 is a schematic for a creation of a Constraint-Choice-ActionMatrix corresponding to a Context Domain Model.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating definition of variable constraintsin a Context Domain CCA Matrix.

FIG. 12 a is a flowchart illustrating selection of a factor in avariable constraint using a tree that corresponds to a Context DomainModel.

FIG. 12 b is a tree from a Context Domain Model for a vehicle, fromwhich a context domain (e.g., a system) and factors in aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix may be selected.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating the creation of an action in aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix.

FIG. 14 a is a drop-down list illustrating choices for modifying the setof conditions/constraints (typically column heads) in aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix.

FIG. 14 b is a drop-down list illustrating choices for operators informing a condition/constraint in a Constraint-Choice-Action Matrix.

FIG. 14 c is a drop-down list illustrating choices for modifying the setof actions (typically row heads) in a Constraint-Choice-Action Matrix.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating the application of aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix to an instance of a context domainmodel.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix to configure a product.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of aConstraint-Choice-Action Matrix to create a bill of materials from aproduct specification.

FIG. 18 illustrates a scheme for displaying coverage of particularfactor instances using a coverage bar.

FIG. 19 illustrates a scheme for displaying coverage of particularfactor instances using a color scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

This description provides embodiments of the invention intended asexemplary implementations. The reader of ordinary skill in the art willrealize that the invention has broader scope than the particularexamples described here.

FIG. 1 a-2 b are a basic introduction to matrix 100 notation. Thesefigures present concepts, such as rows, columns, column and row headers,and matrix transpose, that are fundamental to subsequent discussion.

FIG. 1 a is a chart illustrating conventions of matrix notation using avariable matrix X 110, in which the entries are all variables. Thismatrix 100 has three rows 101 and four columns 102. The row index 103,i, and the column index 104, j, are typified by the respective values aslabeled in the figure, namely, i=3 and j=2. Every pair of (i,j)locations in the matrix 100 defines a cell 105. Each cell 105 containsan entry 106 or value 106 of the cell 105. This matrix 100 has variableentries 106, such as X(1,3) for the entry 106 at row 1 and column 3.

FIG. 1 b depicts variable matrix Y 120, which is the transpose 121 ofmatrix X 110 from FIG. 1 a. The transpose 121 swaps the rows 101 andcolumns 102 of a matrix 100, so matrix Y 120 has four rows 101 and threecolumns 102. By definition of transpose 121, Y(j,i)=X(i,j), so, forexample, that the entry 126 in cell 105 (3,1) of Y is equal to the entry116 in cell 105 (1,3) of X.

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b show particular examples of a matrix X 210 and itstranspose 121, matrix Y 220. In this case, the entries 216 of matrix X210, and corresponding entries 226 of matrix Y 220 are all numeric. Forexample, X(1,3)=Y(3,1)=−3. The concept of matrices, however, is far moregeneral than matrices having numeric entries 106, with entries 106 beingalmost anything—vectors, lists, other matrices, text strings, operators,and so forth. An entry 106 can be empty or null. Essentially, a matrix100 might contain anything that might be contained in a two-dimensionaltable, including one depicted on a display (e.g., a monitor on acomputer, touchscreen system, or handheld electronic device) byspreadsheet software, through a graphical user interface (GUI).

FIG. 3 is a chart characterizing contents of a Constraint-Choice-Action(CCA) matrix 300 in an embodiment of the invention. The columns 102 ofthe CCA matrix 300 represent variable conditions 301 or variableconstraints 301, which are variable boolean expressions. The cells 105are concrete boolean expressions, concrete constraints 301. The rows 101represent action boolean expressions, that correspond to actions 310. Ofcourse, the transpose 121 of a CCA matrix 300 is also a CCA matrix 300,because it conveys the same information in a different but equivalentformat; this is illustrated by comparison of FIGS. 7 and 8. Unlessotherwise specified in context, we will henceforth use the orientationof FIG. 3 for clarity, without further comment and without loss ofgenerality.

The columns 102 of a CCA matrix 300 represent variable constraints 301or variable conditions 301, that may be expressed in column headers of aspreadsheet, or other software presentation, depicting the CCA matrix300. Within a CCA matrix 300, a condition 301 is always a booleanstatement, an expression that can be evaluated as being TRUE or FALSE insome “context domain”. For example, a given CCA matrix 300 may pertainto a context domain for example, system of a commercial vehicle, such astransmission, chassis, or drivetrain.

As applicable to all entries 106 in a column 102, the condition 301 willbe always lacking something. In that sense, it is a variable. The entry106 of each particular cell 105 in the column 102 completes the variableboolean expression for the column, in a respective way.

For example, for an engine system, a column 102 may represent thevariable boolean expression, “horsepower>?”. The question mark ‘?’ maybe replaced in different ways by entries 106 in the cells 105 of thecolumn 102, for example, by values of 300, 400, and 500.

The particular constraint 301 just described expects a number argument322 in each cell 105 of the column 102. The embodiment depicted by FIG.3 also includes columns 102 that respectively require, for each cell105, a value 106 that is a string argument 321, a boolean argument 323 alist argument 324 or a range argument 325.

The conditions 301, as embodied by the column headers in the embodimentof FIG. 3, each have two parts: a variable expression 302 or factor 302,and an operator 303. In the engine system example above, the factor 302is “horsepower” and the operator 303 is “>” (greater than, or “GT”).More examples of operators 303 are shown in FIG. 14 b.

Separation between a factor 302 and an operator 303 in a variableexpression 302 is not necessary to the invention. However, thisarrangement makes it convenient to assemble a constraint 301 usingpick-lists 1400, as will be discussed in connection with FIG. 4, or aContext Domain Model 924, as will be discussed in connection with FIG.10-12 b.

Particularizing the condition 301 expression that is applicable to thewhole column 102 with the entry 106 of a particular cell 105 forms aboolean statement that takes can take on a binary value, yes/no,TRUE/FALSE, or 1/0 when applied to an instance of the context domain ofthe matrix, such as a vehicle or an engine. A CCA matrix 300 is appliesto decision-making to some context or subject matter domain—e.g., to anobject or a situation. For example, in the engineering or manufacture ofindustrial vehicles, the domain might be a system, such as drivetrain,engine, chassis, or seating. For a particular seat, for example, theboolean expression should be either true or false.

A row 101 of the CCA matrix 300, therefore, represents a sequence ofboolean condition statements against which a target object or situationcan be tested. The individual constraints represented by the cells 105within a row 101 can be combined together to form a row booleanexpression, or action boolean expression. For example, in FIG. 3, theselected value 332 combined with Condition C4 in the selected conditioncolumn 331 is one individual boolean condition statements being combinedwithin the selected action row 330. In the simplest case, the individualconstraints might be combined with AND, implying that to satisfy the rowboolean statement, all the individual constraints would have to be true.In many cases, AND will be the default method of combining entries 106,cell boolean expressions, of a row 101 into an action booleanexpression.

Alternatively, an action boolean expression might be formed by combiningthe individual entries 106 by OR. More generally, the action booleanexpression might be formed using combinations of boolean operators AND,OR, and NOT, along with precedence rules for grouping by priority and byuse of parentheses. For example, if a-d are cell boolean expressions,then a and (b or c) might be a corresponding action boolean expression.How cell boolean expressions combine to form an action booleanexpression is usually the same for all rows 101 in a CCA matrix 300, andis specified before cells 105 are populated. In the CCA matrix 300 ofFIG. 3, AND is implicitly understood. In other cases, the operations forcombining individual cell boolean statements into a row booleanstatement might be expressed, for example, above the column headers, orin some separate documentation such as a repository of a Context DomainModel 924.

Rows 101 of a CCA matrix 300 have a respective action 310. The idea isthat if the action boolean expression is true for an object or situationthat is an instance of the context domain, then the action 310 should betaken. The action 310 might be anything that can be executed—forexample, to use a particular part number in a BOM; to execute aparticular software module; or to order more material.

Two important applications for CCA matrix 300 are product configurationand product manufacturing. Within product configuration, exemplaryactions include: (1) select a feature; e.g., set color to red; (2) makea feature unavailable; e.g., a highway truck may not have an automatictransmission; (3) update price when a vehicle has some combination offeatures; e.g., if a truck has both engine E and transmission T, thenthe driveline has price equal to $5,000; (4) update an attribute; e.g.,if a truck has both engine E and transmission T, then the driveline hasweight equal to 4,000 lb; and (5) check compliance; if a truck has bothengine E and transmission T and wheelbase greater than W, then itviolates a federal bridge law.

Within product manufacturing, exemplary actions include: (1) calculatedelivery times; e.g., when truck has features A and B, manufacturing isdelayed by 10 days; (2) update a BOM; e.g., when truck has features Aand B, add part C to a BOM; (3) choose supplier; e.g., when a truck isbuilt in plant P, part C is procured from supplier S; (4) choose afacility; e.g., when truck is built in plant P, then part C will bemanufactured in plant Q; (5) accommodate part; e.g., when truck hasfeatures A and B, add frame piercing hole at location (x,y,z); (6)select locations; e.g., when truck has primary tank A and secondary tankB, mount primary tank outside right rail; and (7) improve functionality,performance, or safety; e.g., when the distance between two crossmembersexceeds 180 cm, add an intermediate crossmember.

FIG. 4 is the CCA matrix 300 of FIG. 3, notationally condensed in anobvious manner. This figure shows where GUI controls 400, typified theone labeled in the figure with a reference number, might facilitatecreation of a CCA matrix 300 using pick-lists 1400. By pick-list 1400 wemean any GUI control that presents a list and gives the user a means ofselecting from the list. Selection may be accomplished, for example, bypoint-and-click with a device like a mouse, a touchpad, or the user'sfinger (in the case of a touchscreen), or using arrow and enter keys ona keyboard. The exact form in which the list drops down, or pops up, orwhatever, is immaterial to the inventive scope. We use the term“pick-list” to encompass all these possibilities. Depending on theparticular application, a pick-list might allow only one, or might allowmultiple choices 510. If multiple choices 510 are allowed, then theresulting list in a header or cell entry 106 may be scrollable and/orsearchable.

Values 106 in individual cells 105, regardless of type (e.g., number,string, list), will typically be selectable in this way. Constraints 301specified in column headings, possibly by separate selection of factors302 and operators 303, might also be selectable in this way. Similarly,actions 310 (row headings) might also allow such selection. Selection ofcolumn and row headings by pick-lists 1400 is convenient, but optional.

FIG. 5 illustrates a Seat System BOM matrix 500 (that is not a CCAmatrix 300), which might be used to associate seating systemconfigurations with BOM parts 520. The top row of column headers includethe factors Manufacturer 501, Logo 502, Material 503, Color 504, andBelt 505 type. The second row of column headers includes a cell for eachchoice 510 for each factor, with shading visually associating eachchoice with its corresponding factor. The information is graphical,simple, and expressive. But note that, in this case, because there isonly one selection 530 for each factor, most of the matrix 100 is emptycells 540. This matrix is intended to be interactive and easy to modifyand update. When the number of factors and/or the number of choices perfactor becomes large, then the matrix 100 will quickly become too largeto conveniently fit on most displays 910. At this point, intuitivenessevaporates.

FIG. 6 presents the same information as FIG. 5 using a CCA matrix 300.The same factors, or variable expressions 302 (namely, Manufacturer 601,Logo 602, Material 603, Color 604 and Belt 605) head the columns 102,but in this case their values 106 may be entered by pick-lists 1400through the controls 400 in cells 105. In this particular embodiment,the operators 303 can also be entered with pick-lists 1400. Here theoperators are all “EQUAL” (is equal to), to correspond with thecounterpart matrix of FIG. 5. In this particular example, the rowheadings, or actions 310, are static part numbers, to illustrate thatpick-lists 1400 are optional for actions 310. (They are also optionalfor variable constraints, factors, and operators.)

The number of columns 102 in the CCA matrix 300 will typically beexactly equal to the number of factors, one factor per constraint 301.In this case, there are 5 factors and, hence, 5 columns. Significantly,the entries 106 for the cells 105 are selected from pick-lists 1400.This makes construction of the CCA matrix 300 simple. And reading acrossa row is more intuitive than in the previous matrix, because theinformation is expressed much more directly and concisely.

Each factor 302, such as “Manufacturer”, might be selected from apick-list 1400. A factor 302 might be selected from a tree 1280 (seeFIG. 12 b) to form an expression like vehicle.engine.rpm, or it might bean expression formed from elements of a tree 1280, such asvehicle.TopSpeed( ) (where the parentheses indicate an executablefunction or method), or it can be a user-entered expression. The tree1280 may contain functions that can be used in expressions; for example,vehicle might have a TopSpeed( ) function that returns its top speed.

FIG. 7 depicts Drivetrain System CCA Matrix 700, of a CCA matrix 300based on the format of FIG. 6, for a drivetrain system of a truck orbus. The factors, or variables 302, are typified by “Shaft Length”,which is labeled with a reference number in the figure. This figureillustrates that operators 303 which are used in forming constraints 301are not necessarily “EQ” (is equal to). This CCA matrix 300 uses “GT”(greater than), “LT” (less than), “LTEQ” (less than or equal to),“INCLUDE”, and “EXCLUDE” in building condition 301 boolean statements.These kinds of factors cannot be expressed using the format forinformation representation of FIG. 6. Another difference from FIG. 6 isthat actions 310 in this embodiment may be selected from pick-lists1400. The facility for entering information into may be quite powerful;for example, the little arrow in the ShaftLength factor 302 will displayeither a tree 1280 for picking a parameter, or a function with a texteditor to type in an arbitrary expression.

FIG. 8 depicts Drivetrain System CCA Matrix 800, which contains the sameinformation and functionality as Drivetrain System CCA Matrix 700, butin transposed form. Hence, the entry 710 in column/condition “EngineRPM” and row/action “SFMB4250” of Drivetrain System CCA Matrix 700appears as the entry 810 in row/condition “Engine RPM” and column/action“SFMB4250” of Drivetrain System CCA Matrix 800. Note that the actions310, in this case the BOM entries, can be literal, computed from anexpression that uses the values 106 of the cells 105.

FIG. 9 illustrates a computer system 900 that might be implement a CCAmatrix 300. The system includes a display 910 or monitor for presentinga GUI 911, through which the CCA matrix 300 might be depicted andinteracted with by a user. Such interaction might involve a keyboard940, and a pointing device 950 (e.g., mouse, touchpad, trackball, or auser's finger in combination with a touch-sensitive screen). The systemmay have a computer-readable storage medium 920. The storage medium 920might contain software instructions 921 that are used by a processor 930to execute the software to display the CCA matrix 300 to handle the GUI,including pick-lists 1400 and controls 400, to populate the CCA matrix300 from data, perhaps stored in one or more CCA databases 922, and tostore choices 510 selected from the pick-lists 1400. The software (ormore generally, any logic represented by hardware and software, whichultimately must execute on some kind of hardware) might also be used toapply a CCA matrix 300 in context. For example, given a particularobject or situation having known values of the factors represented inthe CCA matrix 300, the CCA matrix 300 might be scanned to find a rowboolean statement that evaluates to TRUE; if so, then the correspondingaction 310 might be reported, recorded, or executed. The computer system900 will have an internal communication system 960 for communicatingamong these components, and may have an external communication system970 to allow the system to communicate with the outside world, possiblythrough a network or one or more plug-in devices. The reader of skill inthe art will realize that the system as described is a physically simpleone, and within the scope of the invention, the required functionalitymight be divided among many and diverse physical components, notnecessarily in the same location.

FIG. 9 introduces the concept of a Context Domain Model 924. A ContextDomain Model 924 is a representation of information regarding a subjectmatter context in which the CCA matrix 300 will be applied. For example,the Context Domain Model 924 might contain a specification for aproduct, the specification to be used in product configuration and/orproduct manufacture. As configuration of the product evolves, theproduct specification in the model will evolve too. The model maycontain rules for design; potentially applicable government regulations;information about style and popularity; processes, such as how tooptimize; data, saved or stored in various forms; coding tools,including tools for editing, data access, and expressing relationships.There may be tools for visualization of the information in the model.

In general, a Context Domain Model 924 may contain any data, processes,and tools relevant to a subject matter domain. A CCA matrix 300 withinthe scope of the invention can exist and be useful without a ContextDomain Model 924. However, when a corresponding Context Domain Model 924does exist, it may restrict which factors, values, and actions canappear in the CCA matrix 300, while at the same time making it easier toconstruct ones that make sense, and will be valid, within a context. TheContext Domain Model 924 may allow these items to be selected frompick-lists 1400, or computed using expressions in a coding language.

FIG. 10 illustrates creation of a CCA matrix 300 within the scope of aContext Domain Model 924. A software environment 1000 may implementand/or manage both the Context Domain Model 924 and creation of the CCAmatrix 300. The software environment 1000 may run in a processingsystem, such as the computer system 900 shown in FIG. 9, locally and/orremotely, or it may run in the “cloud” and deliver functionality througha local processing system. Because of its interaction with a ContextDomain Model 924, we refer to the CCA matrix 300 in this figure as aContext Domain CCA Matrix 1010.

Creation of any CCA matrix 300 requires one or more context domainparameters 1020, which may be specified explicitly or may be understoodor assumed, by users or logic (processing hardware, or softwareinstructions executing on processing hardware). The context domainparameters 1020 specify what kind of object or situation the CCA matrix300 will ultimately be applied to, such as a vehicle, or an enginesystem within a truck. The constraints 301 and actions 310 must all makesense within this context. If the CCA matrix 300 is based on a ContextDomain Model 924, then the context domain parameters 1020 must beconsistent with the Context Domain Model 924, and might be selected fromthe Context Domain Model 924 by a user-provided code expression or byuser selection from a pick-list 1400.

Definition of a variable constraint 301 may be done by sending avariable constraint definition expression 1040 to the Context DomainModel 924, which in turn may populate the column header, or some portionthereof, such as a factor 302. This two-way interaction is depicted inFIG. 10 by a bidirectional arrow. A factor 302 might be specified by auser through a pick-list 1400, provided by the Context Domain Model 924using a context domain repository 1030; or it may be specified by theuser by typing an expression into a text window, the expression thenbeing checked for validity by the Context Domain Model 924 before itpopulates the variable 302. Selection of the factor 302 portion of avariable constraint 301 in this way may allow the context domainrepository 1030 to provide a pick-list 1400 for an operator 303 that isconsistent with the factor 302. Specification of cell values 106 may bedone using a similar process with a constraint value definitionexpression 1041; and specification of actions 310, or row headers, mayalso be performed similarly with an action definition expression 1042.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating definition of column elements in aContext Domain CCA Matrix 1010. After 1100, context domain parameters1020 are accessed 1110. The context domain parameters 1020 may bespecified by a user, provided by a Context Domain Model 924, or selectedautomatically from a context domain repository 1030. Column headers arepopulated 1120 that are consistent with the context domain. As describedabove, this step may involve first specifying a variable 302 or factor302 (e.g., “horsepower”), and then selecting an operator 303 (e.g.,“EQ”). Next, a default expression is specified 1130 for populating thepick-lists 1400 for cells 105 in the column (e.g., values of horsepowerin some range, in increments of 100 units). An expression for combining1140 cell boolean expressions into an action boolean expression iseither provided through the GUI, or a default expression is used. Atthis point, the overall restrictions on a column in the CCA matrix 300have been completely specified, and the process ends 1150.

FIG. 12 a is a flowchart illustrating definition of variable constraints301 in a Context Domain CCA Matrix 1010. At the start 1200, contextdomain parameters are received 1210 or accessed. If a user request for acontext domain hierarchy has been received 1220, then a tree 1280 (see,e.g., FIG. 12 b) depicting valid choices for a column header factor 302is displayed, and a user selection from the tree is received 1230.Alternatively, if a context domain hierarchy is not requested, thematrix creator may directly provide 1250 (e.g., by typing into a textbox for specifying code) an expression for the factor 302 and operator303. The expression may specify the factor explicitly, or cause it to becalculated from a Context Domain Model 924. The expression mustsuccessfully validate 1260 against the Context Domain Model 924 beforethe next step. Once valid expressions for the factor 302 and operator303 are determined by either method, a pick-list 1400 for operator 303selection, whose entries may depend on the particular factor 302, isdisplayed and a choice is received 1270. The process ends 1280.

FIG. 12 b is a tree 1280 such as might be contained in a Context DomainModel 924. A technician wanting to create a new Context Domain CCAMatrix 1010 might specify the context domain 1281 “Vehicle” to thesoftware environment 1000. The user might then be allowed to choose acontext domain parameter 1020 for the Context Domain CCA Matrix 1010,such as a system 1290 from the tree 1280, e.g., the engine system 1282or the transmission system 1284. “Vehicle” and the particular system1290 are context domain parameters 1020. The software environment 1000uses the system 1290 to limit the kinds of constraints 301 and actions310 that will be found in the Context Domain CCA Matrix 1010, which willbe applied to the object or situation, “Vehicle”. When a column headeris selected in the process of FIG. 12 a, the user may be allowed tochoose from the corresponding factors 302. For example, for the enginesystem 1282, the possible factors 302 in this embodiment are the enginefactors 1283 shown, namely, Model, Maximum Horse Power, Maximum Torque,and Governed RPM. For the transmission system 1284, the possible factors302 are the transmission factors 1285, namely, Model, Forward Gears,Rear Gears, and Torque Rating. The tree 1280 might include functionsthat can be used as factors 302, such as the TopSpeed function 1299. Ingeneral, the tree 1280 can be used for picking single parameters, singlefunctions, or multiple parameters/functions to form an expression. Thesame tree 1280 capabilities may be available for expressing an action310.

In practice, specification of a CCA matrix 300 will be done in phases,often by different engineers. The first phase, defining the generalaspects of the columns, is depicted by FIG. 10-12 b. The second phase,specifying values 106 of the cells 105 in a row, and the correspondingaction 310, is illustrated by FIG. 13. Specification of the actions 310may be done in many sessions over time, as the CCA matrix 300 evolves.

After the start 1300 in FIG. 13, the variable constraints 301 (columnheaders) and a variable action boolean expression, or row condition, areaccessed 1310. The variable row condition is the framework for a booleanstatement or expression that couples the columns 102, such that if theboolean statement is true, the row action 310 should be executed. Instep 1240 of FIG. 12 a, a default pick-list 1400 for values 106 of thevariable constraint 301 for each column was selected. These defaultpick-lists 1400 may be modified for cells in a particular row in step1320 of FIG. 13. For example, values of horsepower, according to thedefault pick-list 1400, might be restricted by this step to valuesavailable from a particular manufacturer. The variable constraints 301are made concrete for the row by selecting 1330 particular values 106from the row pick-lists 1400. An action 310 for the row is assigned1340, possibly by selecting from a pick-list 1400, or by providing anexpression to a Context Domain Model 924. Some typical actions werepreviously discussed in the Summary section of this document. The flowends 1350.

A pick-list 1400 might be implemented a check box, a radio box, a choicebox, a drop-down list, a combo box, a table, or any other control 400presentable by a GUI 911 that allows a user to select one or more listedvalues. FIG. 14 a-14 c illustrate some typical pick-lists 1400 thatmight be used in creating a CCA matrix 300. For example, right clickingwith a mouse on a condition 301, or column header, might display thecondition pick list 1410 of FIG. 14 a, showing a set of choices typifiedby the pick “Add Condition” 1411. Left clicking with a mouse on anoperator 303 in a column header might display the operator pick list1420 of FIG. 14 b, showing a set of choices typified by the pick “EQUAL”1421. For example, choices for an operator 303 might include LT, LTEQ,GT, and GTEQ. Right clicking with a mouse on an action 310 in a rowheader, might display the action pick list 1430 of FIG. 14 c, showing aset of choices typified by the pick “Add Action” 1431.

FIG. 10-14 c all dealt primarily with creation of a CCA matrix 300. FIG.15-16 pertain to application of a CCA matrix 300 to a particular objector situation within the context domain 1281.

At the start 1500 of FIG. 15, values of the factors 302 for an instanceof the context domain 1281, a particular object or situation, arereceived 1510. For example, in the context domain 1281 of VEHICLE andsystem ENGINE, specifications for a particular engine from a particularmanufacturer are accessed 1520 from a context domain repository 1030.The CCA matrix 300 is also accessed. The action boolean expression orcondition, applicable to a row 101 in the CCA matrix 300, is evaluated1530. This entails evaluating the concrete constraints 301 of each ofthe columns 102 for the context domain 1281 instance as applied to thecontext domain instance, and then combining them with the specifiedboolean operators (i.e., the action boolean expression framework) toevaluate the action boolean expression. If 1540 the row condition isTRUE, then the corresponding row action 310 is determined 1580, and(optionally) executed 1590. If the row condition is FALSE, and if thereare more rows 101, the next row is checked 1560. If no row for which therow condition evaluates to true is found, then an alert may be generated1570 to that effect. The flow ends 1599.

In alternative embodiments of the above process, the loop may continueafter the first match is found, in order to find all matches. If onlyone match is expected, but two or more are found, then an alert may begenerated to indicate the inconsistency.

Two important applications of a CCA matrix 300 are productconfiguration/design, and product manufacture. FIG. 16 illustrates asystem CCA Matrix 1610 applied to product configuration within a productconfiguration software environment 1600. A product configurator 1620receives 1651 a set of user specifications 1650 for design of a product,which might be a custom design. The product configurator 1620 searches1621 a respective system CCA Matrix 1610 for each system 1290 of theproduct, accessing 1631 a Context Domain Model 924 as appropriate. Amatching system 1290 (one that satisfies an action boolean expression)or a failure to match notice is returned 1622. When all systems 1290have been matched, a complete product specification 1640 is created. Theproduct specification 1640 can be priced and reviewed by a customer.Once finalized, its systems, subsystems, or parts may be ordered fromsuppliers; and the product may be assembled using the method a system ofFIG. 17.

FIG. 17 illustrates a CCA matrix 300 applied to product manufacture. Aproduct specification 1640, possibly created as in FIG. 16, uses asystem CCA Matrix 1610 to create a BOM 1710 for a product. The BOM 1710is then used by a manufacturing system 1720 to manufacture the product.

Manufacturers preferably design and manufacture systems and productsthat are desirable to customers. In some industries, this concept iscalled “coverage”. Used to configure new systems, a CCA matrix 300provides an opportunity to convey coverage to an engineer choosing cells105 within a row 101 to correspond to an action 310, such as a systemconfiguration for a BOM 1710. FIGS. 18 and 19 to display coverage 1800for a particular value 106 of a particular factor 302 in a CCA matrix300. Preferably this information, based on statistical sales data,product reviews, and/or forecasts, would be displayed in a cell 105 ofthe CCA matrix 300 to assist the matrix designer in selecting values 106of factors 302. FIG. 18 shows a coverage bar 1820 to display variousvalues of coverage percentage 1810. FIG. 19 shows coverage percentagerange 1910 corresponding to colors in a color coverage range indicator1920. For example, the color of a cell 105 in the CCA matrix 300 may bea color coverage range indicator 1920. Many other techniques forpresenting coverage 1800 in cells 105 are possible within the scope ofthe invention, such as simply showing a percentage, or displaying a barchart above the CCA matrix 300 in pseudo-3D on demand, with coverage1800 indicated as height of a bar above a cell 105.

Of course, many variations of the above method are possible within thescope of the invention. The present invention is, therefore, not limitedto all the above details, as modifications and variations may be madewithout departing from the intent or scope of the invention.Consequently, the invention should be limited only by the followingclaims and equivalent constructions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer system, comprising: a) a display; b) agraphical user interface (GUI) depicted on the display; c) a matrix Xdisplayed by the GUI, such that, for a matrix Y that is equal either toX or to X-transpose, (i) a set of columns of Y, each column in the sethaving a column header that represents a respective column booleanexpression that includes a column variable, (ii) a row of Y has a rowheader that represents a row action, and (iii) within the row, the setof cells that correspond to the set of columns each cell providing a GUIcontrol, which when activated displays a respective list from which auser can use the GUI to select a value of the column variable for thecolumn, thereby forming a cell boolean expression, wherein the cellboolean expressions for the row are related to each other by booleanoperators, thereby representing a row boolean expression; and the rowaction corresponds to a particular value of the row boolean expression.2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the column header includes afactor and an operator.
 3. The computer system of claim 2, wherein acell boolean expression specifies a characteristic of an object.
 4. Thecomputer system of claim 3, wherein the object is a machine.
 5. Amethod, comprising: (a) depicting, through a graphical user interface(GUI) on an electronic display, a matrix X, such that, for a matrix Ythat is equal either to X or to X-transpose, (i) a set of columns of Y,each column in the set having a column header that represents arespective column boolean expression that includes a column variable,(ii) a row of Y has a row header that represents a row conclusion, and(iii) within the row, the set of cells that correspond to the set ofcolumns each cell providing a GUI control, which when activated displaysa respective list from which a user can use the GUI to select a value ofthe column variable for the column, thereby forming a cell booleanexpression, wherein the cell boolean expressions for the row are relatedto each other by boolean operators, thereby representing a row booleanexpression; and the row conclusion corresponds to a particular value ofthe row boolean expression.
 6. The method of claim 5, furthercomprising: b) receiving, through the GUI control corresponding to acell in the row, a value of the column variable for the column, therebyforming a cell boolean expression.
 7. The method of claim 5, furthercomprising: c) receiving a set of specifications within a context domainthat corresponds to X; and d) evaluating the row boolean expression asapplied to the set of specifications.
 8. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, comprising: a) means for displaying a windowon a display; and b) means for displaying a matrix X in the window, suchthat, for a matrix Y that is equal either to X or to X-transpose, (i) aset of columns of Y have column headers that specify a factor and anoperator, (ii) a row of Y has a row header that represents a rowconclusion, and (iii) within the row, the set of cells that correspondto the set of columns each provide a GUI control, which when activateddisplays a respective list from which a user can use the GUI control toselect an operand to be a value of the respective cell, the value of thecell in combination with a respective column header of that cell forminga cell boolean expression, wherein the cell boolean expressions for therow are related to each other by boolean operators, thereby representinga row boolean expression; and the row conclusion corresponds to aparticular value of the row boolean expression.
 9. A display device thatdisplays a representation of a matrix Y, which is equal to a matrix X orto the transpose of X, the matrix X comprising: a) a set of columns,each column in the set having a column header that represents arespective column boolean expression that includes a column variable; b)a row of a row header that represents a row action; and c) within therow, a set of cells that correspond to the set of columns, each cellproviding a graphical user interface (GUI) control, which when activateddisplays a respective list from which a user can use the GUI control toselect a value of the column variable for the column, thereby forming acell boolean expression; wherein the cell boolean expressions for therow are related to each other by boolean operators, thereby representinga row boolean expression; the row action corresponds to a particularvalue of the row boolean expression; and the matrix Y is represented intangible storage.